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Meta-analysis was conducted if at least 2 studies were available for a particular outcome. Two investigators (I.L.M. and A.A.) independently assessed the methodological quality of each included study using the Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. Two authors (I.L.M. and https://ghibta.org A.A.) independently assessed articles retrieved from the databases for eligibility. Missing data or additional information were requested via email from the corresponding authors of the articles as needed. Systematic literature searches were performed in MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, https://git.lenfortech.com Scopus, and Web of Science core collection databases, from inception until January 20, 2023.
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The higher post-exercise TT on MP-LC diets may signal an increased anabolicresponse to exercise, which would be advantageous, particularly in individualswith strength, power, or hypertrophy goals. The results indicate cortisol returns to baseline levels after ∼3 weeks,suggesting cardiovascular disease risk is not elevated by higher cortisol onlong LC diets. The increase in cortisol during the first 3 weeks of a LC diet is likely part ofthe adaption process to such diets, and thus may not represent a pathologicalstate. The finding thatlong-term LC diets increased post-exercise TT, may be explained by the increasein blood cholesterol on LC diets (Dong et al., 2020), git.yinbonet.cn providing greatersubstrate for T production, which is utilized in times of increased anabolicsignalling, such as during exercise (Pasiakos, 2012). Therefore, onLC diets muscle glycogen may be sufficient for short exercise (Cipryan et al., 2018),whereas for long exercise lipolysis stimulated via cortisol may be increasinglyrequired. Additionally, the results showed post-exercise cortisol was lower after short,intense exercise on LC versus HC diets. As glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis (Kuo et al., 2015), theinitial rise in cortisol may be partly responsible for a transient increase ingluconeogenesis, on short LC diets.
Also, carbohydrate supplementation only attenuates cortisolduring long-duration exercise (Moreira et al., 2007). Short, intense exercise predominantlyuses glucose for fuel, whereas long-duration exercise increasingly relies onfatty acids (Purdom et al.,2018). This is supported by anothermeta-analysis which found post-exercise cortisol was significantly attenuated bycarbohydrate supplementation during exercise (Moreira et al., 2007). Additionally, cortisol may rise to spareglucose for brain function, as the brain cannot significantly use fatty acidsfor fuel.